Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica, Zuming Feng(2007), 104 Number Theory Problems: From the Training of the USA IMO Team
http://www.amazon.com/104-Number-Theory-Problems-Training/dp/0817645276
Example 1.10. [HMMT 2002]
Find
n such that
2∥31024−1.
Theorem 1.3b.
For any given integer
m, there is no polynomial
p(x) with integer coefficients such that
p(n) is prime for all integers
n with
n>m.
Example 1.12.
Compute gcd
(2002+2,20022+2,20023+2,⋯).
Corollary 1.10.
Let
p be a prime, and let
k be an integer with
1≤k<p. Then
p∣(pk).
Example 1.15. [Russia 2001]
Let
a and
b be distinct positive integers such that
ab(a+b) is divisible by
a2+ab+b2. Prove that
|a−b|>3√ab.
Example 1.16. [AIME 1988]
Compute the probability that a randomly chosen positive divisor of
1099 is an integer multiple of
1088.
Example 1.17.
Determine the number of ordered pairs of positive integers
(a,b) such that the least common multiple of
a and
b is
23571113.
Example 1.18.
Determine the product of distinct positive integer divisors of
n=4204.
Corollary 1.15.
For any positive integer
n,
∏d∣nd=nτ(n)2.
The Number of Divisors τ(n)=∑d∣n1, The Sum of Divisors σ(n)=∑d∣nd.
Corollary 1.16.
For any positive integer
n,
τ(n)≤2√n.
Example 1.19.
Find the sum of even positive divisors of
10000.
Example 1.21. [Russia 2001]
Find all primes
p and
q such that
p+q=(p−q)3.
Example 1.22. [Baltic 2001]
Let
a be an odd integer. Prove that
a2n+22n and
a2m+22m are relatively prime for all positive integers
n and
m with
n≠m.
Example 1.23.
Determine whether there exist infinitely many even positive integers
k such that for every prime
p the number
p2+k is composite.
Residue Classes
Example 1.25. [Romania 2003]
Consider the prime numbers
n1<n2<⋯<n31. Prove that if
30 divides
n41+n42+⋯+n431, then among these numbers one can find three consecutive primes.
Example 1.26.
Let
m be an even positive integer. Assume that
{a1,a2,⋯,am} and
{b1,b2,⋯,bm} are two complete sets of residue classes modulo
m. Prove that
{a1+b1,a2+b2,⋯,am+bm} is not a complete set of residue classes.
Theorem 1.26. [Wilson’s Theorem]
For any prime
p,
(p−1)!≡−1(modp).
Fermat’s Little Theorem and Euler’s Theorem
Example 1.30.
Let
p≥7 be a prime. Prove that the number
11⋯1⏟p−11′s is divisible by
p.
Example 1.31.
Let
p be a prime with
p>5. Prove that
p8≡1(mod240).
Example 1.32.
Prove that for any even positive integer
n,
n2−1 divides
2n!−1.
Example 1.33. [IMO 2005]
Consider the sequence
a1,a2,⋯ defined by
an=2n+3n+6n−1 for all positive integers
n. Determine all positive integers that are relatively prime to every term of the sequence.
Example 1.35. [IMO 2003 shortlist]
Determine the smallest positive integer
k such that there exist integers
x1,x2,⋯,xk with
x31+x32+⋯+x3k=20022002.
Example 1.36. [AIME 2001]
How many positive integer multiples of
1001 can be expressed in the form
10j−10i , where
i and
j are integers and
0≤i≤j≤99?
Euler’s Totient Function
Theorem 1.34. [Gauss]
For any positive integer
n,
∑d∣nϕ(d)=n.
Example 1.37.
Let
n be a positive integer.
(1) Find the sum of all positive integers less than
n and relatively prime to
n.
(2) Find the sum of all positive integers less than
2n and relatively prime to
n.
Linear Diophantine Equations
Example 1.39.
Let
n be a positive integer. Suppose that there are
666 ordered triples
(x,y,z) of positive integers satisfying the equation
x+8y+8z=n. Find the maximum value of
n.
Numerical Systems
Example 1.41. [AHSME 1973]
In the following equation, each of the letters represents uniquely a different digit in base ten:
(YM)⋅(ME)=TTT. Determine the sum
E+M+T+Y.
Example 1.42. [AIME 2001]
Find the sum of all positive two-digit integers that are divisible by each of their digits.
Example 1.43. [AMC12A 2002]
Some sets of prime numbers, such as
7,83,421,659, use each of the nine nonzero digits exactly once. What is the smallest possible sum such a set of primes can have?
Example 1.48.
Determine all positive integers
n such that
11111(n) is a perfect square.
Divisibility Criteria in the Decimal System
Example 1.50. Perfect squares or not?
(1) Determine all positive integers
k such that the
k-digit number
11⋯1 is not a perfect square.
(2) Can a
5-digit number consisting only of distinct even digits be a perfect square?
(3) Determine whether
20⋯04⏟2004 is a perfect square.
Example 1.52.
Determine the number of five-digit positive integers
¯abcde(a,b,c,d, and
e not necessarily distinct) such that the sum of the three-digit
number
¯abc and the two-digit number
¯de is divisible by 11.
Example 1.53. [USAMO 2003]
S(n) denote the sum of its digits. Prove that for every positive integer
n there exists an
n-digit number divisible by
5n all of whose digits are odd.
Example 1.54. [Russia 1999]
In the decimal expansion of
n, each digit (except the first digit) is greater than the digit to its left. What is
S(9n)?
Example 1.55. [Ireland 1996]
Find a positive integer
n such that
S(n)=1996S(3n).
Example 1.56.
Determine whether there is any perfect square that ends in
10 distinct digits.
Example 1.57. [IMO 1976]
When
44444444 is written in decimal notation, the sum of its digits is
A. Let
B be the sum of the digits of
A. Find the sum of the digits of
B.
Floor Function
Example 1.60. [ARML 2003]
Find the positive integer
n such that
1n is closest to
{√123456789}.
Example 1.61 [AIME 1997]
Suppose that
a is positive,
a−1=a2, and
2<a2<3. Find the value of
a12−144a−1.
Example 1.62.
Find all real solutions to the equation
4x2−40⌊x⌋+51=0.
以上節錄了一些題目,有興趣的可以自行練習。